The test is who owes the premium, not who pays it. You agree that liability with the insurer. It then has to show in two places: the signed and dated application form, plus the policy or clause sheet.
With two co-owners the cover is written crossways. The Dutch term is kruislings verzekeren. You are the policyholder on your co-owner’s life and you owe the premium there. Your co-owner does the same on yours.
With three or more owners it is no longer a simple cross. You get a structure designed to fit, not a copied template.
There is one more condition. The tax authority can read two crossing policies as one construction. Their terms and premiums track each other, so it does not weigh them one by one.
Who owes the premium decides the tax, so we check that. We read the application form and the policy next to your agreement. Then we say plainly where the tax risk sits.
Does a co-owner or an heir live outside the Netherlands? Then residence and any treaty decide who taxes the payout. We go through that with you.
Our page on Dutch inheritance tax explains what the payout can cost.